The Values in the Pharmaceutical Line of Business Case Study

The Values in the Pharmaceutical Line of Business - Case Study Example The key chances and difficulties that AstraZeneca faces these days incorporate the way that it must have an all around serious procedure which can counter the weights that it gets on account of the players which are as of now flourishing big time inside the related market areas. This would imply that the opposition is ferocious and there is positively no space for mercy at any expense. It faces colossal rivalry from Pfizer, Johnson and Johnson, Abbott Laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Merck and Co., and Sanofi-Aventis †which are all universally acknowledged players. Be that as it may, it likewise faces contention undoubtedly from the neighborhood players that are blossoming with the informal domains and consequently are entering emphatically inside the related markets (Kassirer 2005). The key difficulties is make its premise solid so that AstraZeneca doesn't fall back at its earliest stages stage later on. Additionally there must be appropriate accentuation on the factor that is connected with its business procedure, which depends vigorously on developing the business through reinforcing of the effectively evolved items and the ones that are in the pipeline, the conveyance of what has been guaranteed, the re-molding of the business every now and then, and ultimately the advancement of a culture that is socially capable and responsible simultaneously (Hosking 2002). AstraZeneca needs to set up a business methodology that is intelligent, envelops many critical territories of business and embraces measures to determine debates that have an enduring impact and ramification for the association. AstraZeneca must realize how to deal with its clients since this is a significant measuring stick when it needs to set up regions where it could expand upon its premise over the long haul. More than all else, there is a need to observe the specific approach behind AstraZeneca’s strategy towards drawing in new clients and in this manner holding them for long er timeframes. Every one of these focuses are extremely fundamental as AstraZeneca attempts its best to maintain its qualities and money in upon the open doors that come its direction.

The Animal Farm Novel Free Essays

In the novel Animal Farm, written in 1945 by George Orwell it is about a gathering of livestock that live in England, and have a place with a man named Mr. Jones. Following quite a while of being abused, deficiency in food and exceptionally difficult work the animals choose to make a move and start an unrest in the ranch. We will compose a custom paper test on The Animal Farm Novel or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Everything began when the most established pig on the homestead Old Major, had a fantasy about a resistance to the ranch proprietor. Three evenings later, Old Major passed on, yet his fantasy enlivened a portion of the clever animals on the homestead, the pigs, were known as the insightful ones. (Orwell, p.15) There are two principle pig pioneers in this defiance. One of them is Napoleon, and the other one is Snowball. In this paper I will thoroughly analyze about Napoleon and Snowball. The advantages of doing so is that any examination or difference is to explain and clarify, and bring up the predominance of one thing by standing out it from another. As I would see it I trust Snowball is a superior chief than Napoleon. Snowball and Napoleon are both comparative since they are the two pigs, and the two of them have desire of authority, yet they vary from multiple points of view too. One manner by which Napoleon and Snowball are comparative is that both of these pigs are dynamic in spreading the message of Animalism. For instance, in part 2 the two of them have yearnings of administration when they accept the arrangements for the pending insubordination. Those arrangements likewise exhibit their insight, as appeared by their work on the improvement of animalism. The two of them accept that people are the foe, thus they attempt to design and have power over everything that goes on in animal homestead. The two of them needed insubordination to occur. (Orwell, p.15) The principal contrast among Napoleon and Snowball is that their characters are extraordinary. Napoleon will in general be increasingly horrendous, a sorry talker, and has gained notoriety for getting his direction. Though Snowball is known to be an incredible talker, and more vivacious than Napoleon. Snowball is likewise influential, and a group champ dissimilar to Napoleon. Napoleon shows bias, and his most significant concern isn’t all the creatures. In the interim, Snowball is energetic about reinforcing the homestead, Napoleon is just centered around fortifying his capacity on the ranch. For instance, Napoleon can control others. To begin with, he picks up the creatures trust to turn into their pioneer and afterward plots to truly control them. (Orwell, p. 16) The second contrast among Napoleon and Snowball is that their administration style is extraordinary. They have various dreams on how the homestead ought to be ran. Snowball needs something near Old Major’s unique objective, while Napoleon imagines something more like a tyranny. Napoleon shows this as he becomes greedier and degenerate all through the story. A case of this is the point at which he first removes Jessie and Bluebells infant pups from them, saying that he would make himself answerable for their instruction. He furtively prepared the pooches to be watch hounds. Napoleon utilizes Snowball as his substitute after he runs him off the homestead utilizing the canines he prepared. (Orwell, p. 35, 53). By and large despite the fact that they share the two likenesses, and contrasts they appear to be more unique in relation to the same due to their characteristic’s characteristics. Be that as it may, as I would like to think Snowball would have not turned into an oppressive ruler as Napoleon did. Since Snowball got pursued away, we may never know whether he would develop to be correctly as awful as Napoleon might have been, yet he appeared the perfect chief for Animal Farm. Instructions to refer to The Animal Farm Novel, Papers

A survey on recent developments of a specific area in transaction Essay

A study on ongoing advancements of a particular region in exchange handling - Essay Example The last kind of exchange regularly peruses the data transmitted to the customer after a solicitation has been made by the customer and a similar customer update the data and the update is then transmitted to the server for preparing. Throughout the years, procedures have been created to determine issues in security, speed and honesty. This would incorporate customer server figuring, object-arranged processing, social database the board frameworks (Myerson, 2002). Throughout the years a few different ways of getting to data have been created also. Work stations of the most seasoned centralized server to the flow ipads or even cell phones that empower the customers to get to data and information anyplace whenever the manner in which information is gotten to have been advancing also. Customers are commonly the clients getting to or mentioning access to data with the utilization of gadgets, for example, cell phones and other processing gear. Remembering practicality and effectiveness Clients now-a-days are consistently in a hurry, getting to data en route or even while in travel to another area to play out their activity work. These sorts of customer conduct will be the focal point of this paper and the investigation of the different ways or procedures in getting to data that is required in their job.... Dunham, Helal and Balakrishnan specifically the Kangaroo Model (Dunham, Helal, and Balakrishnan, 1997) and its subordinates won't just uncover the uprightness of the information it could likewise expand the figuring power necessity from the server side due to the quantity of dynamic exchanges or meetings (JT) made by the single information demand as the customer moves starting with one spot then onto the next inside the circle of the Network. As indicated by the Kangaroo model as portrayed, the end of every one of the Joey Transaction or JT is subject to the end of the last JT. On the off chance that anyway the JT by one way or another neglected to end for some explanation that would incorporate loss of intensity, loss of sign. The Joey Transactions will be open involving valuable assets of the server. The answer for the portable exchange process portrayed in the paper may have been a feasible alternative at the hour of its composition. Nonetheless, fresher innovation just as better arrangements has been demonstrated to function as adequately to address the versatile figuring challenge. The approach of the web convention has made gushing exchange conceivable utilizing cell phones in any transfer speed and in a system SLA (Service Level Agreement †effectiveness) or even QoS (Quality of Service). Throughout the years procedures or ideas have risen to enlarge if not upgrade the figuring experience utilizing the Internet Protocol which would include: Client-Server A progressively judicious arrangement would be the customer server model (Kanter, 1997) wherein, customer based exchanges are done at the customer side and the server’s would simply be assigned to giving server the executives and information record access from the database. The customer server model will likewise constrain the job of the system framework to information transmission during demands from the customer

Anorexia nervosa - Free Essay Example

City of God, by Fernando Meirelles and Pixote, by Hector...

The innocence of Brazilian lower class children are lost in both films ,City of God directed by Fernando Meirelles, and in Pixote directed by Hector Bebenco. In both of these films the loss of innocence stems from a lack of authoritative power and most importantly the lack of a familial structure. This lack of innocence derives from the lower class socio-economic status the youth are born into. The children and teenagers are able to gain an astonishing amount of power when introduced to violent lifestyle of the streets . While both films comment upon the different causes and effects of Brazilian street culture, both films clearly exhibit how lack of authority and lack of a structure leads to the demise and death of many young street†¦show more content†¦This section is shown with a hazy golden tone to symbolize innocence (Diken 3). The children should and scream to this behavior( why don’t they) and the rest of the gang members remind him about the gas truck they are about to rob. Right off the bat the film suggests that children link violent activities with fun activities violence and fun as a combined activity. These characters are the role models the children of the slums look up to, they are even narrated as â€Å"legendary† (City of God 2002) to the viewers. By calling the gang â€Å"legendary† even the narrator, Rocket who isn’t a part of the gang suggests that he wants to be a part of this culture. (Link it to the bible) ( Sodom and Gomorrah the Cities god destroyed) The City of God is not what it sounds like, most of the residence there are homeless and without power, the children become power hungry and are forced to commit crimes. â€Å"City of God ‘has nothing to do with the Rio you see in the postcards’. It is a 1960s-style housing project that, in tandem with increasing drug dealing, became, already by the 1980s, one of the most dangerous places in Rio. It is a place abandoned by God and justice, where police hardly ever come and where residents’ life expectancy does not considerably exceed the twenties†EXPAND (Diken 2). â€Å"City of God ironically is a â€Å"city without god† but because it is truly a ‘sacred’: a situation of being abandoned, a state of

Essay on Manifest Destiny and American Politics - 658 Words

During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the United States saw many problems come and go. Some problems were more important than others, however all led to further division of American politics. The most divisive issue in American politics during this time frame was the idea of Manifest Destiny, or territorial expansion. Manifest Destiny was the idea that it was the United States’ destiny to take over all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Most of the public was in favor of territorial expansion, though some politicians felt it contradicted the constitution. Strict constructionists were against territorial expansion, while loose constructionists felt expansion was the United States’ destiny.†¦show more content†¦One of the supporters of Manifest Destiny was, democrat, James Polk who served as president from 1844 to 1848. Polk was strongly in favor of expanding the United States to the Pacific. This opinion won him the election of 1844. That year Henry Clay, a well known and loved figure in American politics, ran and was expected to blow, little known, Polk of the charts. The only problem was Clay was nervous about territorial expansion. He did not want was with Mexico and was unsure of the constitutionality of expanding. Polk won because the majority of the public believed in Manifest Destiny. Along with influencing presidential elections, Manifest Destiny played a role in the slavery issue. Entering the mid eighteen hundreds slavery was a very sensitive subject, and some of the bad feelings that caused this sensitivity were caused by territorial expansion. With more lands being acquired the number of slave state and free state representatives in Congress became unbalanced. This caused great distress among the senators and representatives. For instance, free state members of Congress began accusing the slave state members of conspiracies. One such accusation was made by Charles Sumner. He proposed the idea that southerners wanted to acquire more land so they could implant slavery in the territories. With more slave oriented territories that would eventually became slave states, the South would have control of Congress. This isShow MoreRelatedThe United States Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as Manifest Destiny. Over the five decades that Manifest Destiny las ted politics and the government changed along with the geographic face of the United States while the country expand to cover most of North America. Of these political changes, the death of the Federalists, birth of the Whigs and reformation of the Democratic party were among the most prominent. However an underlying conflict began to progress with each new purchase and acquisition of territory. Manifest Destiny led to multipleRead MoreManifest Destiny Of The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesManifest destiny is one of the beliefs that existed in the United States. The latter stated belief claimed that, the settlers based in America were allowed to spread all over the continent. However, historians came into an agreement that three themes exist in relation to manifest destiny, and this include: the America’s special virtue and their institutions; America’s mission that aimed at redeeming and rebuilding the western part as per the agrarian America, and a destiny that will enhance theRead MoreManifest Destiny: Term or Reality Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe three authors that describe Manifest destiny have very different beliefs but all use one person with vastly different views on Manifest Destiny and his beliefs on the term. The person that first used the term in any form of writing was John O’ Sullivan and is accredited with coining the phrase but much of this time had this strong belief in expanding the territory and states of the United States. Their views on this term were different because some believed that the United States should expandRead MoreThe Reflection of Religious Beliefs in American Politics Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesThe Reflection of Religious Beliefs in American Politics As many people already know, politicis and religion some times go hand in hand. Recently, president Obama delivered his Inauguration Speech to the world. There were several remarks mentioned that pertained to religion. Many of the remarks can easily tie in with the American culture core values, which include, Americans are among a chosen people, manifest destiny, morality yields prosperity, and the protestant ethic. A Chosen People Read MoreManifest Destiny1327 Words   |  6 PagesManifest Destiny is a term used to describe the reason behind the US expansion into the West. What are the social, political and economical effects of this idea on the people living in the United States colonies and the West? Manifest Destiny is a term coined by John L. Sullivan in 1845 when talking about the annexation of Texas. He believed, along with other expansionists, that it’s inevitable that the US population would spread across North America because the land is given by Providence toRead MoreThe Manifest Destiny : A Theory During The 19th Century1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe Manifest Destiny was a theory during the 19th century that many Americans believed. They believed that they were destined by God to expand from coast to coast. Andrew Jackson’s concept of the Manifest Destiny lead to the Trial of Tears because he believed it was a God-given right to attain land so he was willing to do all in his power as a president to expand the United States. He was blessed with the opportunity to expand the United States due to the global wars that transpired between FranceRead MoreThe First Televised Debate Between Richard Nixon And John F Kennedy936 Words   |  4 Pages1960s The event that kicked off the 1960s was the first televised Presidential Debate between Richard Nixon and John F Kennedy. This debate changed the way the American populous approached politics because it allowed anyone with a television to have a front row seat to the debate. Furthermore, when individuals listened on the radio, the thought that Nixon had better answers, but when citizens saw how composed John F Kennedy was, they believed that he had one. Also, the event that closed the 1960sRead MoreAmerican History : The Mexican American War Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagestoday was the Mexican-American war. This war not only shaped American politics for decades, but also fueled the sectional crisis that culminated into the infamous Civil War. Being the new country’s first armed conflict fought mainly on foreign soil, the war itself had several diplomatic implications that haunted politics for years to come. However, the war itself was fought for several political, social, and economic reasons and can be attributed with shaping the essence of American culture forever. LeadingRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War1664 Words   |  7 Pages2016 The Mexican American War â€Å"No President who performs his duties faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure.† –President James K Polk. The Manifest Destiny is believed to have the primary cause of western expansion in the United States during the 19th century. This doctrine is believed to have been the primary sourcesRead MoreWhat Was Manifest Destiny And How Did The U.s.1036 Words   |  5 PagesWhat was Manifest Destiny and how did the U.S. carry it out in the first half of the 19th century? Manifest Destiny was a widely held, but vaguely defined belief system popular by many in the United States during the nineteenth century. The belief was that expansion by the U.S. was justified and something that was inevitable throughout the American continents to achieve and protect the interests of its citizens. They also thought they had a god given mission to lead the world in a peaceful transition

Psychology reflective essay free essay sample

Any act where a  prisoner deliberately harms themselves irrespecve of the method, intent or severity of any injury† †¢? In 2011- ­? 12 over 27,000 self- ­? harm incidents, involving almost 7,000 prisoners †¢? 7% of male prisoners †¢? 9% of male young o? enders †¢? 30% of female prisoners †¢? 4- ­? 12 mes higher than in the general populaon 2 13/02/2014 England and Wales: 2004- ­? 2009 †¢? 139,195 self- ­? harm episodes †¢? Involving 26,150 prisoners †¢? 5- ­? 6% of male prisoners †¢? 20- ­? 24% of female prisoners Repe55on of self- ­? harm More than 100 episodes / year: Ra5o of self- ­? harm episodes / prisoners 10 9 8 †¢? 2 male prisoners 7 6 †¢? 102 female Prisoners Ra5o 5 4 3 2 1 †¢? 17,307 episodes (26% of total number in female prisoners) 0 2004 2005 2006 Males 2007 2008 2009 Females Counselling in prisons Vigne^es †¢? Ethics – risk, con? denality and the health of the therapist †¢? Security †¢? Who is the client? †¢? Can prison be a therapeuc environment? †¢? What are the e? ects of imprisonment? 3 13/02/2014 What is life in prison like? â€Å"Prisoners su? er the ulmate ignominy of banishment to an uncongenial instuon, which is oBen overcrowded, where friends cannot be chosen, and physical condions are Spartan. Above all, they are all by the process of imprisonment, separated Form everything familiar, including all their social supports and loved ones†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Gunn, 1996: 5) Long-term psychological effects Cohen and Taylor (1972) Prisoners in a maximum security prison have an almost obsessive fear of deterioration â€Å"These men felt that all around them were examples of people who had turned into cabbages because they had not been sufficiently vigilant† (p. 56) Irwin (1980) Prisons degrade, embitter, cripple and dehumanise prisoners Pains of imprisonment vs. ‘deep freeze’ paradigm A queson of methods? †¢? â€Å"We do not discount the importance of phenomenology in assessing prison life †¦ But, if we stray too Far from epistemic values that are crucial to a vigorous social science then we run the risk of making disastrous policy decisions† (Bonta Gendreau, 1990) †¢? What counts as ‘good’ evidence? †¢? When and how should we measure pain and deterioraon? †¢? Crique of ‘harm- ­? as- ­? deterioraon’ paradigm †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? Cross- ­? seconal studies, short follow- ­? up periods Focus on male long- ­? term prisoners Linear vs. curvilinear e? ects â€Å"pain is a harm which psychological scales have so far failed to re? ect† (Liebling and Maruna, 2005: 12) †¢? Need more longitudinal and mixed method research The Pains of Imprisonment Sykes (1958) †¢? deprivation of liberty †¢? deprivation of goods and services †¢? deprivation of heterosexual relationships †¢? deprivation of autonomy †¢? deprivation of personal security Each â€Å"carries a more profound hurt as a set of threats or attacks which are directed against the very foundation of the prisoner’s being. The individual’s picture of himself as a person of value †¦ begins to waver and grow dim† (p. 78-9) Exaggerations? Walker (1987) - ­? â€Å"research – chie? y by psychologists – has done much to de? ate the sweeping exaggeraons – chie? y by sociologists – about the ill e? ects of normal incarceraon† Bonta and Genreau (1990) †¢? Meta- ­? analyc review of quantave research into crowding, solitary con? nement, short- ­? term con? nement long- ­? term imprisonment. †¢? â€Å"the empirical data we reviewed quesons the validity of the view that imprisonment is universally painful† (p. 365) †¢? imprisonment may have the fortuitous bene? t of isolang the o? ender from a highly risky lifestyle in the community (p 357). When is imprisonment painful? Bukstel and Kilmann (1980) †¢? The process of adaptation to prison (including patterns of Custody†¦ indeed, prison may provide an opportunity for o? enders previously leading chaoc lifestyles to seHle into a stable roune and engage with services† (p. 79) †¢? Is T1 a valid baseline? †¢? Is T3 too early? †¢? What happens later in the sentence and/or aTer release? †¢? Can/should we look for general pa^erns? â€Å"Some people do experience a decline in mental health in prison. These individuals are more likely to be female, on remand, have pre- ­? exisng severe and enduring mental illness or some combinaon of these factors† (Ibid. ) 5 13/02/2014 Prison climate (Liebling, 2004) Summing up †¦ †¢? It is broadly accepted that. Imprisonment can be painful, especially in overcrowded condions †¢? Parcularly under these circumstances, prison can lead â€Å"to an acute worsening of mental health problems† (Joint Commi^ee on Human Rights, 2005: para. 4. 99) Well- ­? being Respect Humanity Safety Rela5onships Order Trust Support Fairness Personal development Decency Family contact Meaning Prisoner social life Power/authority †¢? The high rates of suicides and self- ­? harm in prisons may be viewed as evidence that ‘doing me’ is stressful and damaging for many prisoners †¢? Nevertheless, â€Å"there is li^le to support the conclusion that long term imprisonment necessarily. Has detrimental e? ects† (emphasis added, Bonta and Gendreau, 1990: 357) †¢? Short- ­? term impact– psychological and otherwise †¢? Praccal, health, socio- ­? economic and relaonal consequences for prisoners and their families Supporting prisoners’ well- ­? being †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? First night centres/packs Safer Locals Personal o? cer schemes Access to Samaritans’ phones and counselling Peer support and mentoring (including listener schemes) Chaplaincy Cell- ­? sharing risk assessment Equivalence of health care Purposeful acvity encouraged Educaon O? ending Behaviour Drug Rehabilitaon Programmes Family. Visits days Charity support services (e. g. foreign naonals) Focus on rese^lement/building links with community services Should prison aim to be a therapeutic environment? Crique of the ‘therapunive rhetoric’ â€Å"Although in themselves the psychological programmes are most probably harmless [†¦ they] actually cause harm because they suggest to women that they should be able to control their responses to adverse material circumstances over which, in fact, they have no control† (Carlen, 2006: 7) Legimising the use of imprisonment E? ecveness, feasibility and ethics of ‘voluntary’ psychological therapies and intervenons – and. Costs involved Warehousing? Being a prison counsellor â€Å"Some argue it may be useless and even unethical to provide psychotherapy within the prison system, as the environment migates against therapeuc change. Who is the counsellor working for? For the prison system? The client? The NHS? Society? Her/himself? Perhaps the counsellor is working for a putave future vicm. And what are the necessary condions for e? ecve psychotherapy? Con? denality is a prime ingredient of the therapeuc relaonship: how might the issue of client con? denality work within the prison system? † (Pars, n. d. ) â€Å"†¦I needed to be adaptable yet. Aware of the importance of maintaining the frame and boundary of the therapeuc relaonship. On a typical visit I would be escorted up to the Visits Hall †¦ I would see my clients in a small booths (about six feet square) where con? denality was clearly an issue. We could be seen by most people in the hall and potenally overheard by anyone in an adjacent booth. This could be a source of distracon and somemes concern for my clients. I enquired as to whether there might be a more suitable room available, but was told that due to the overcrowding there was a serious shortage of space. It was this or nothing. I felt that this Was indeed be^er than nothing†¦ 6 13/02/2014 Inially, the biggest impression was how desperate people were to tell their stories. Many of them had never con? ded their childhood abuse. A large number of them were scared to tell anyone what had happened because of the received wisdom that to be abused means they will probably abuse. So for any other inmate to ?nd out they were talking to a sexual- ­? abuse counsellor could have various unpleasant consequences. I was also aware that prison is not necessarily the best place to explore di? cult feelings, open up and potenally make oneself vulnerable. This was an ongoing problem. Was it fair, or even ethical, to ask anyone to go through counselling within such an environment? I thought (and think) it was. The conclusion I came to aTer working with a number of inmates for over four years, was that a large percentage of the prison populaon were traumased in childhood by some form of abuse: sexual, physical or psychological†¦ For these people, counselling can be of great bene? t. Many of them have never experienced a warm, posive, non- ­? judgmental relaonship and the experience of one can empower them and teach them empathy (some of my clients became Listeners aTer a few months of counselling). †

Talking Heads Alan Bennett Essay Example

Talking Heads Alan Bennett Paper The following text is an essay based on two of the six Talking Heads monologues written by Alan Bennett: Bed Among The Lentils and Her Big Chance. The essay attempts to explain whether anything is lost or gained by reading these plays as short stories rather than seeing performances on television or the stage. The Talking Head monologues were originally written for performance on television, though they are also available as a collection of short stories. It has been suggested that Bennett created the pieces for specific performers, all of who are, to a certain extent, associated with him. It is therefore probable that he tailored the material to suit the individual actors styles. Bed among the Lentils starred Maggie Smith as Susan, who can be thought of as a typical English actress synonymous with intelligent, straight-laced, aloof characters, i. e. Miss Brody, while Her Big Chance starred Julie Walters as Leslie, who, at that time, was best known for her ditsy, flamboyant, comic roles. Casting of this kind makes a difference to the way in which the characters are accepted by the audience. The Actors individual nuances and deliverance would have been taken into account when the plays were written and would make a vast difference to the way in which the characters are shown. Being aware of a particular Actors performance strengthens the language the character uses. It makes the language used appropriate to the characters social background and since all the pieces were intended for performance, there is a musical quality to the text, which makes it sound more effective when read aloud. We will write a custom essay sample on Talking Heads Alan Bennett specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Talking Heads Alan Bennett specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Talking Heads Alan Bennett specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Though the text also stands reasonably well as a series of short stories, the fluent language used by each individual Actor as a repetitive musical rhythm of speech, i. e. Susan with her monotone delivery and Leslie with her high-octane quality, does add to the performance. One of the features of these stories is that there is an invisible barrier between the main characters and the real world. Each person has a secret which is well hidden but never revealed or acknowledged voluntarily. Each person hides her weakness Susans alcoholism and loss of faith Lesleys promiscuity and lack of talent. Each character keeps up a pretence of normality and Bennett shows us, through the eye of the camera, how each person struggles to maintain a facade. The characters dont seem to talk to the audience, but at it. Susan, the vicars wife, tells the story of her alcoholism and rehabilitation. She feels she is trapped in a loveless marriage to an Anglican clergyman, has taken to drink and begun an affair with an Asian grocer. Initially, Susan does come across as someone who is full of contempt for sex, with her description of sex as frightful collisions, or her own sex with Geoffrey as desiccated conjunctions. This at first suggests that she is simply a woman who lacks sexual desire. However, we later discover that it is a mere lack of desire with regards to Geoffrey. Her constant reference to Rameshs wonderful legs indicates great sexual desire. We therefore have this image of Susan as an unfulfilled woman in every respect, which is enhanced by the envious tone in her voice when she notices people, on a Sunday afternoon, Living, but when she refers to Mr Ramesh it is enhanced by the smile on the Actors lips. Susan despises her husband and his loyal band of parishioners and what they stand for but her involvement in the church is so fundamental to her life that she has even started to date important events in her life by holidays and occasions in religion. She remembers sleeping with Ramesh as being the second Sunday after Trinity. This is highlighted by the Actors voice, for example, when Susan is heard to recant part of the Lords prayer it is with a musical preaching tone which had been preceded and immediately followed by a mono-tonal quality, used when she is speaking of her life. Susans appearance is a good indicator as to how she is feeling about herself and her life. When the audience first sees her she is dressed in dull, shabby clothing and has unkempt, lank hair. She makes no mention of her problem with alcohol, except by allusion, until the final scene when she reveals that she has been to Alcoholics Anonymous. Even her rehabilitation is seen by her as another religion and Geoffreys attitude to it and to her are recounted with scant affection. It is apparent by the Actors delivery that there is no love lost between Susan and Geoffrey. He is, we are told, more interested in using the experience as a means of acquiring status as an upwardly mobile parson and according to Susan, this is what is in store for them both as Geoffrey brandishes Susans hand and tells her story all over the diocese. Susan is a changed woman at the end of the story, having, for the time being, given up drinking. This is clearly visible as the character is now well dressed, clean and smart with perfect hair and makeup. She is still Mrs Vicar, but the audience is left thinking that this might not last and there is an uncertainty to her future. Her attitude has not softened at all and this is obvious in the Actors delivery, the same mono-tonal voice and blank expression. It seems that though she is well aware of her situation, she has not yet decided what to do about it and her future is unclear. Susan remains, despite her reformation, a vicars wife who has lost her faith and is still dissatisfied with her marriage and her husband. With Leslie, in Her Big Chance, it would seem that Bennett based this character on various types he had seen in theatrical auditions and we can assume that she does have a certain accuracy. This is heighten by casting Julie Walters in this role. The character is first seen on a sunbed, a pastime considered to give the appearance of health though it is widely known to actually cause health problems. Using this in the opening of the play helps to build an image of Lesley of someone who is superficial and spends a lot of time on her appearance. Lesley believes herself to be professional to her fingertips when in fact she is almost completely lacking in any talent other than taking off her clothes and sleeping with the stage-hands. The parts she has played are minor, although she believes that they are important. From the first moment, Lesley builds up her small role in her head, ignoring the obvious facts that she has the part only because of the size of her breasts and that the (possibly soft-porn) production will have only a small audience. She tries desperately to improve herself, but her efforts at collecting people result only in more casual bed partners. Bennett makes her language very luvvie, and lards her story with theatrical jargon. This is delivered brilliantly by Julie Walters who is stereotypically cast in this kind of role. Lesley has no sense of humour at all, and displays a certain amount of waspishness when other characters puncture her ego. This is heightened by the expression on the characters face that shows that she is completely unaware of the sarcasm in others voices. Her naivety is displayed by the hopeless way in which she records others put-downs, and by her failure to see how distant she is from stardom. Fed by the flattery she receives from her lovers, she has an unrealistic idea of her success. Her self confidence is immense and in fact she is very difficult to like. Bennett, however, cleverly uses enough humour to prevent us from despising Lesley and we feel at the end rather sorry for her, left alone and determined to acquire another skill so that she can offer more as a person. She says at the end of her story that acting is really just giving but what she has to give is really not worth very much at all. The awful truth is that she is a victim of the fast dollar and doesnt even know that she is being exploited. Although neither of the characters intend to be funny, Bennett makes each of them speak in ways which cause the audience to laugh either at their situations or their turn of phrase, for example, Susans account of the flower arranging session with Mrs Shrubsole or Lesleys attempt to be interesting at a party. The humour comes from the seriousness of the characters, they use what they perceive to be appropriate language to recount their stories. The audience, therefore, laughs at their situations and at their pretentious behaviour and often their ignorance within those situations. They are touching and real, and at the same time both tragic and funny and this is heightened when it can be seen on the screen.

King Lear Essays (1107 words) - King Lear, Goneril, Regan, Cordelia

King Lear Essays (1107 words) - King Lear, Goneril, Regan, Cordelia King Lear King lear Assignment English OAC Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear is a detailed description of the consequences of one man's decisions. This fictitious man is Lear, King of England, who's decisions greatly alter his life and the lives of those around him. As Lear bears the status of King he is, as one expects, a man of great power but sinfully he surrenders all of this power to his daughters as a reward for their demonstration of love towards him. This untimely abdication of his throne results in a chain reaction of events that send him through a journey of hell. King Lear is a metaphorical description of one man's journey through hell in order to expiate his sin. As the play opens one can almost immediately see that Lear begins to make mistakes that will eventually result in his downfall. The very first words that he speaks in the play are :- ...Give me the map there. Know that we have divided In three our kingdom, and 'tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age, Conferring them on younger strengths while we Unburdened crawl to death... (Act I, Sc i, Ln 38-41) This gives the reader the first indication of Lear's intent to abdicate his throne. He goes on further to offer pieces of his kingdom to his daughters as a form of reward to his test of love. Great rivals in our youngest daughter's love, Long in our court have made their amorous sojourn, And here are to be answered. Tell me, my daughters (Since now we will divest us both of rule, Interest of territory, cares of state), Which of you shall we say doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend where nature doth with merit challenge. (Act I, Sc i, Ln 47-53) This is the first and most significant of the many sins that he makes in this play. By abdicating his throne to fuel his ego he is disrupts the great chain of being which states that the King must not challenge the position that God has given him. This undermining of God's authority results in chaos that tears apart Lear's world. Leaving him, in the end, with nothing. Following this Lear begins to banish those around him that genuinely care for him as at this stage he cannot see beyond the mask that the evil wear. He banishes Kent, a loyal servant to Lear, and his youngest and previously most loved daughter Cordelia. This results in Lear surrounding himself with people who only wish to use him which leaves him very vulnerable attack. This is precisely what happens and it is through this that he discovers his wrongs and amends them. Following the committing of his sins, Lear becomes abandoned and estranged from his kingdom which causes him to loose insanity. While lost in his grief and self-pity the fool is introduced to guide Lear back to the sane world and to help find the lear that was ounce lost behind a hundred Knights but now is out in the open and scared like a little child. The fact that Lear has now been pushed out from behind his Knights is dramatically represented by him actually being out on the lawns of his castle. The terrified little child that is now unsheltered is dramatically portrayed by Lear's sudden insanity and his rage and anger is seen through the thunderous weather that is being experienced. All of this contributes to the suffering of Lear due to the gross sins that he has committed. The pinnacle of this hell that is experienced be Lear in order to repay his sins is at the end of the play when Cordelia is killed. Lear says this before he himself dies as he cannot live without his daughter. Howl, howl, howl! O, you are men of stones. Had I your tongues and eyes, I'd use them so That heaven's vault should crack. She's gone for ever! I know when one is dead, and when one lives. She's dead as earth. Lend me a looking glass. If that her breath will mist or stain the stone, Why, then she lives. (Act V, Sc iii, Ln 306-312) All of this pain that Lear suffered is traced back to the single most important error that he made. The choice to give up his throne. This one sin has proven to have massive repercussions upon Lear and the lives of those around him eventually killing almost all of those who were involved. And one is left to ask one's self if a single wrong turn can do this to Lear then what difficult corner lies ahead

Analysis of Unconscious Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Unconscious Bias - Essay Example    There were five specifically enumerated classifications of biases noted: pattern-recognition, action-oriented, stability, interest, and social biases that decision-makers tend to disregard and subconsciously continue to infiltrate major decision-making processes. The authors suggested ways and mean counter these five biases through taking various points of views and perspectives; taking uncertainties into account; enhancing awareness by thinking beyond the box; adopting broader interests; and by encouraging corporate debate (Lovallo and Sibony, 2010). Likewise, four steps in adopting behavioral strategies were proffered to improve the quality of decision making after incorporating the suggested ways to counter biases in the organizations. In the video, â€Å"A Class Divided†, a grade three teacher, Jane Elliot, taught her students the crucial lesson on discrimination through an effective method of making them feel discriminated and prejudiced in terms of the color of thei r eyes. The results of group activities of ‘discriminated’ children were surprisingly shown as generating lower grades as their morale and perception of status were diminished. In contemporary organizations, these biases still exist in various styles and form: through gender discrimination, ranks within the organizational hierarchies, and even in the race. In a study conducted by Lyons & McArthur entitled Gender's unspoken role in leadership evaluations (gender discrimination and leadership qualities, the systemic bias â€Å"illustrates the challenges that women face in accommodating themselves to male-defined executive roles and suggests how corporate leaders--men in particular--can make these detrimental effects discussable within their own executive suites† (Lyons & McArthur, 2007, 1). This kind of bias could fall under the interest and social biases discussed by Lovallo and Sibony (2010) as there continue to pervade organizations in terms of confining to the respective interests of male-dominated leaders in organizations, deep-rooted in human tendencies and manifested in socials structures globally.   

Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Character Analysis - Essay Example The motivations that drive mama to extreme lengths are her dreams and also the family struggles. Also, the idea of his son Walter struggles to attain his goals are what motivates her immensely. Her main concern was to help Walter’s marriage. She gets determined to ensure Walter’s marriage was successful and that he paid more attention to his wife. Mama wanted Walter to see the benefits of holding a family together while striving to achieve his goal (Hansberry 6). Her dreams from the play are not about herself but for her entire family’s future generations. From the play, she states that, †¦ â€Å"Big Walter used to comment, †¦ lean his head back with the water standing right in his eyes and say, ‘ it seems like God did not see it fit to give the black man not anything but dreams, †¦ but He gave us kids to make them dreams seem real† (Hansberry 14). Mamma places a down payment on a house for the entire family. She seems to believe that a large brighter residence will help all of them. The house is in Clybourne Park, an exclusively white neighborhood. When the neighbors (Younger’s future neighbors) realize they are moving in, they send a member of the Clybourne Park Association to offer the Younger’s money not to move in the neighborhood. Mama’s plant is a symbol for the vision of her dream. ... She constantly reminds the family of the benefits of family and history. She also makes the economic decisions of the family. This is visible when she holds the check book. Mama also wants her children to be religious and strict on that. She gets annoyed when her daughter Beneatha, claims that God has nothing to do with her ambition of being a doctor. Mama smacks her and makes her repeat the words, â€Å"In my mom’s house, there is God† (Hansberry 12). Mama is in conflict with Walter. This is because he could not be able to achieve his dream. According to Mama, â€Å"†¦ a fine man, but just could not catch up with his dreams †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 18). He could not achieve the dream of schooling his children. This is all because of Walters foolish business dealings with Wily Harris. Walter and Beneatha fights with Mamas conservative protestant ethics. She does not accept Walter’s business plan because she disapproves liquor selling. She states, â€Å"â € ¦ whether they drink it or never drink it is none of my business. But whether I enter into the business of selling it to them is†¦ do not want that in my ledger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 18). She also puts Beneatha in the notice of her moral conviction. When Beneatha claims that God is just an idea she does not believe in, she gets slapped across the face by Mama. This sends a clear message to her that atheism will not be accepted in her house. She also confronts Beneatha when she victimizes her brother for her decisions gets confronted by her mother, who makes it clear to her, that is during the difficult times that her brother needs the family love and support. Despite her conflicts with the family, she loves her children and is kind to them. Her enduring care

Cross Cultural Studies in Gender Essay Example for Free

Cross Cultural Studies in Gender Essay Most research into gender roles has occurred in Western societies, and generally shows a clear divide in gender roles, most encouraging masculine behaviour in boys, and feminine behaviour in girls. However, in order to further explore the idea of nature vs. nurture (biological vs. social approach); it is important to research gender roles in a variety of countries. If clear themes, it may indicate that gender role development is nature, as would show that men are similar to men across the whole world, and likewise for females, showing there must be something determining the way men work, whereas if there are clear culture differences, it would imply social factors determine gender. Cross cultural research has been explored for many years by anthropologists. Some of the earliest work came from Margret Mead in the 1930’s. Comparing three Papua New Guinean tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli, she discovered different behaviours displayed by both men and women in each individual tribe. In the Arapesh, men and women were seen to be gentle, responsive- fitting the Western stereotype as feminine. In the Mundugumor tribe, she found males and females to violent and aggressive- the Western stereotype of masculinity and finally in the Tchambuli tribe, she found role reversal to Western stereotypes, as males were more emotionally dependant and flirtatious, whereas the females were dominant, impersonal and definite. Although at first, Mead concluded that her research showed that gender roles came through cultural determinism as big differences were found between males and females in different cultures, implying that gender roles were driven by social factors. However, after later analysis and extending her research to look at other tribes in Samoa, she changed her view (1949) to that her research actually showed cultural determinism, as despite differences in the roles males and females played in each society, in all the societies she looked at men were more aggressive than the women, contributing to the idea that gender role is determined by nature, as there are some behaviours which are innate and universal, e. g. ggression in men, but that degree to which they are expressed is relative to the particular culture. This fits under the biosocial approach, as her research suggests there are some behaviours which are universal, but the degrees to which these behaviours are expressed depends on social factors, such as culture. Mead’s study was a natural experiment, meaning the tribes were observed in their usual environment, suggesting she was noting their true behaviour. However, her method has been heavily criticised by other psychol ogists such as Freeman (1984). Her research was conducted through interviews and observations of the tribes, but Freeman who also worked with Samoan tribes was told that Mead provided the tribesmen with what she wanted them to say. Although this questions the validity of her research, in later years there has been lots of cross cultural research to show differences and similarities and divisions of labour and behaviour by gender in every society (Munroe and Munroe 1975). Further research to support the nature side of the argument is from Whiting and Edwards 1975. Through looking at 11 non-western societies, they found that gender roles were organised in similar ways across a range of traditional cultures. They found girls were encouraged to spend more time with their mothers and were more likely to be given domestic and childcare jobs, whereas the boys were likely to be assigned jobs outside the house such as herding animals. This lead to girls spending more time with younger infants and adults, whereas boys spent more time with their peers, and so It seemed younger girls were found to be more responsible and nurturing than boys who in early adolescence began to get more responsibility. Whiting and Edwards concluded that the behavioural differences observed came about because of the tasks they are given. Girls are taught how to be responsible at a young age as they are exposed to female role models, and develop skills of caring for younger siblings. In another, Whiting and Whiting (1988) observed children in their natural environment with parents, siblings and peers. There were universal differences that girls were more nurturing and boys showed more dominance. However, the fact there were key differences between boys and girls such as what they were socialised into, and what they were encouraged to achieve, implies that both upbringing and biology play a role in development; socialisation just magnifies the biological difference, hence differences across cultures such as between US and India. Bee (1995) supported the idea of socialisation being the most important factor in determining gender, as he stated children became the company they keep. However, researches such as Omar et al found similarities in varied countries such as Switzerland, Ethiopia and the US. Their research indicated that all boys show higher levels of competitiveness and aggression than females, indicating there are underling biological factors. Further support for the nurture argument comes from Berry et al (2002). They studied male superiority on spatial perceptual tasks in 17 societies. He found that this superiority is only found in relatively tight knit, sedentary societies but absent in nomadic societies. This shows that the magnitude of sex differences is linked to culture and ecology. In tight knit societies, the division of labour is greatest because women stay at home whilst men travel, whereas in nomadic societies, both men and women travel and hunt so there is less division of labour (Van Leeuwen 1978). Therefore, this implies that social factors dictate gender role, due to the cultural differences in division of labour found. Berry’s large study of a variety of societies indicates his results can be representative of the general population and we can generalise results. However, Kimura (1999) offered an alternative biological interpretation, that in hunting societies, those with poor spatial perception are likely to die, thus eliminating such genes from the gene pool. This explains why in nomadic societies, there would be less gender difference in spatial abilities. Further biological support comes from Buss et al (1989). Involving 10,000 participants from 37 cultures, he found universal themes in what males and females looked for in marriage partners. Women desired males who had good financial prospects, whereas men placed more important in physical attraction and youthfulness. Both sexes agreed intelligence, kindness and reliability are important. Due to the fact these finding were universal, and the scale of the study implies we can generalise, it suggests gender roles are biologically determined. However, an alternative argument may be that women look for providers, not because of biology, but because of the fact women tend to earn less in society, and in some countries, have fewer rights, which is a social issue determining differences in gender roles. But despite the fact that labour division are the same in most cultures- irls are brought up to be nurturing, responsible and obedient, likely to raise the children, whereas boys are raised to be more independent, self-reliant and high-achieving, and provide for their family, suggest that it is biology that determines sex roles. However, it is difficult to decipher whether division is the direct outcome of biological differences or whether it is a more indirect outcome of biological differences. Eagly and Wood argued that all cultures shape their socialisation processes along with the lines of inborn biological tendencies. However, there has been research to counter this. Sugihara and Katsurada (2002) found that Japanese men do no not seek to be macho like Americans, but instead value being well-rounded in the arts (usually associated as femininity), showing that labour divisions are not the same in all cultures. As well as looking at the divisions of labour between difference cultures, there has also been research into the differences between gender roles in collectivist and individualistic cultures. In 2002, Chang, Guo and Hau, compared 145 American and 173 Chinese students by giving the students a 10 item Egalitarian Gender Role Attitudes Scale, which measured their attitudes to gender equality at home and in the work place. Chang et al found that American students emphasised the important of equal gender roles at work, whereas the Chinese students emphasised the importance of equality at home and in the family. Although this does indicate differences, this may be due to the nature of their home country. In communist China, equality at work is taken for granted. Further exploring this, Leung and Moore (2003) compared Australians of English and Chinese decent using Bem’s SRI and fond differences in line with the Hofstede’s dimensions. Both male and female English Australians showed masculine traits which are valued in individualistic cultures, whereas Chinese Australian’s; male and female, showed feminine traits valued in a collectivist culture. Both research studies imply that cultural values and expectations have a strong on the development of gender roles and expectations (nurture). A big problem with much research is how you measure sex stereotypes. Williams and Best (1990) study highlighted some of the problems linked to this. 2,800 university students from 30 different nations were given a 300 item adjective checklist (ACL) and asked to decide for each adjective whether it was associated more with men or women. They found a broad consensus across countries- men were seen as more dominant, aggressive and autonomous, whereas women were more nurturing, deferent and interested in affiliation. This suggests there are universal gender stereotypes about gender roles, indicating, they are derived though our genes. However, this study proposed many problems in how they measured sex stereotypes. Firstly, the participants had to pick either male or female, there was no equal category (although there was a ‘cannot say’ category) which may have resulted in the division in gender roles being exaggerated. Furthermore, the task was related to stereotypes, not actual behaviours. Some argue that such stereotypes have a significant effect on socialisation within the culture, and this are related to behaviour, but the data does not demonstrate this. Finally, because all of the participants are students, it indicates there behaviours are similar e. g. intelligences, and exposed to similar influences which may explain the broad consensus. Another problem is a lot of the cross-cultural research has been collected by western researchers, therefore, even though they were collecting data in western and non-western societies, the method of research will be developed by western psychology. This may indicated imposed etic, and the data collected is meaningless and demonstrates cultural bias. To overcome this, Berry et al (2002) concluded that there should be a greater use of more genuine indigenous research, opposed to indigenous researchers carrying out the method of western psychologists. To conclude, despite methodological problems, due to the universal similarity in gender roles found in various investigations, it indicated that biology drives gender roles. However, difference found between cultures indicates social factors are also important, so there is a complex interaction between both factors, so the biosocial approach may be a more suitable approach, as it is less deterministic and acknowledges both aspects. As well, it is important to account for historical changes. Much research was done in the 1970/1980’s when the gender gap in many western countries was much larger than is it today, as it is now accepted that both males and females work, and parental equality. However, males still occupy more powerful positions than women, and women perform more domestic duties. But it is an important factor to consider when looking at data.

the war scare :: essays research papers

The War Scare  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has been said that the United States is just like the Roman Empire. We started off small, became a great power, and hit a high point in life, all of which have happened to the United States. Now, in the twenty-first century, we are putting ourselves in places and positions that many believe that we do not belong in. For Example, in the country of Afghanistan, we have â€Å"worn out our welcome†. We went over there, set up American businesses, and basically took over their business flow. We have been asked nicely to leave, been told to leave, and finally threatened, but we did not take it seriously enough. Well, our decisions have come back to haunt us. Now, we face the fate of the great Roman Empire. Falling to our knees and being crushed, or at least bumped down below a world power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On September eleventh, two thousand and one, our world was smacked in the face and pushed to its knees. The United States has reason to believe that a known terrorist, Osama Bin Laden, organized the high-jacking of four transcontinental flights, and told them to crash into both the World Trade Center towers, the Pentagon, and the White House. At eight o-clock, Central Time, the first plane hit one of the World Trade Center towers, and five minutes later, the other tower was hit. Millions stood and watched the buildings burn, and eventually fall. Our head for all military operations, the Pentagon, was crashed into, and the whole West Side was destroyed. The last flight crashed harmlessly into a field in Pennsylvania, thanks to the people who sacrificed their lives to save others. The world was getting back on its feet, the damage was being picked up, and the United States was living up to its name for once. However, it was not over yet, for a plague had begun to sp read across our land. Letters that had been filled with anthrax were being sent to senators, heads of major companies, and other high positioned people in the U.S. The first case of anthrax that was fatal happened in North Carolina while the victim was sitting by a stream. It was believed that the deadly spores could not leak out of the sealed envelope, and if they did, it would not be in large enough numbers to harm anyone, especially postal workers. When the first case died of inhalation anthrax, the government was jumping all over it, and then two postal workers died of inhalation anthrax because they just handled the mail that had anthrax spores in them.

Chinese philosophy Essay

On Earth we are pushed almost simultaneously in some sort of direction, opportunity, decision, etc. and when these situations present themselves we face dilemmas of how and why we should approach them in a certain manner according to moral precepts, short and long term goals, and societal constraints. The teachings of Taoism are an excellent if not perfect life guide for these dealings, because the Tao, or â€Å"the way†, can be thought in terms of a form of enlightenment or remedy for the humanly ways of this world. The Tao upholds the natural proof that life is of the utmost importance and the most valued possession in life is intrinsically itself. In this supreme experience of life we face constant movement for advancement of self and quality of life by technology and mentality, yet the Tao gestures a content and simple life where these â€Å"improvements† aren’t the strives we need to be making. The orchestrator of Taoism himself, Lao Tzu, it was said, â€Å"the greatest Virtue is to follow the Tao and Tao alone† (Tzu 10) which states of the Tao’s incomparability to life’s other moral and spiritual modules. Throughout this paper I will divulge the in the functions of simplicity and humbleness professed in Taoism as well as the utility of the Tao in nearly every aspect of life. History and Beginnings of Taoism Taoism is believed to have started in the 6th century B. C. E. by a former government worker who maintained the royal archives during the reign of the Chou Dynasty. That keeper of the royal archives was named Lao Tzu and he became dreary from his work so left his occupation to pursue a different calling out west. It is speculated that upon his departure from the confines of China, a guard watching the border asked him to record all of his wisdom before he passed. With this incentive Lao Tzu sat down and wrote the Tao Te Ching, which was his only known work summing up to roughly 5,000 words and spoke of in depth of the manner of the Tao and how it correlates to us, this life, and the world. It was Tzu’s only work (which some scholars dispute it was other sages compiling together and not one entity, Lao Tzu) whereupon he was never seen or recorded again. With this Taoism was born. To understand the method of the Tao it needs to be understood what the Tao reflects and what the Tao is because that is the essence of the Tao, it just is. Essentially the Tao is the natural order and true way of life, it is an ultimately indescribable yet definable through guidelines and the teachings written by Lao Tzu. Lao Tzu even said in the first lines of the Tao Te Ching, â€Å" The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao† , signifying that telling and learning of the Taoism is not genuine Tao because the Tao has to be lived and found out personally from person to person. â€Å" Daoist ideas[consist of ] the ecstatic journey, physical immortality, sexual yoga, and in particular the aspiration to harmonize human life with the way of nature†, here we see a connection to individual life and becoming one being of nature through this â€Å"ecstatic journey†, which is simple bliss in our voyage through time on this earth. While were here on planet Earth we aren’t really making the best out of it but rather coming to the realization that inherently this life is the best in the way it is. This simplicity is the vitality of our life, we need to let the roots of the real planet take over our life, and not submit to contaminated constraints of society or contemporary lifestyles for, â€Å"he is detached, thus at one with all† where â€Å"he† is detached from societal conformity and thinking and one with all the underlying truth of the world. Intrinsically this universal way to life, that is the Tao, is perfect and flawless from times of sorrow to times of joy because like the Yin and Yang symbol from ancient Chinese culture in life should be in accordance and equilibrium with the natural way of things. Taken as a whole the doctrine of the Tao is to combine with your original and eternal ancestry with this earth and just be. As I have mentioned the Tao is oriented around the union of our individual life and the eternal, ever-constant (in principle), and natural way of the earth. In the marriage of life and the way, the component that we are in control of( and I say control with care because the Tao is not about control or absoluteness it’s about harmony and being taken up with your world) is our personal life and personality. This life right here and now is so important it gets taken for granted and disregarded so often due to the unnatural ways society pushes us. Without this life we wouldn’t have anything, any reality, any fun or depression, no anything. For this basic reason alone our time here in this existence, our life, is our ultimate possession in this life is this life. The opportunity to live purely and purposefully with the planet’s path is what our existence is about is what the Tao Te Ching brings to light and from this truth it can be derived that our life is the our best achievement. A very prominent message that resounds throughout the Tao Te Ching and principles of Taoism is the importance of keeping life basic and rudimentary in operation. This does not mean you are a buffoon and you should do nothing, but interpreted to common language lifestyles should be basic and not enthused by complicated thinking, personality, and actions. Science is a big discrepancy with the Taoist thought pattern, a Tao sage wouldn’t advocate for improvement in sciences. Yet with this in mind, â€Å"Taoists were often scientists of China. Theirs was a different conception of science, based not on the exploration of the underlying laws of phenomena, but on the observation of the behavior of animals, plants, the elements, and the heavens. †, more of a mild consideration for the reality around us and how it corresponds to the natural way things are and how we play a part in it as individuals. When we follow the flow of the Tao we are in sync with nature’s ever pure intentions and a simplistic life separated from convoluted ideals and standards set by humans to live by. To satisfy the Tao we have realized we should not strive for things, material or spiritual, but allow this essence of the world to become us by living in an effortless way. There is a self-gratification to simple living, â€Å" Lao Tzu rejected scientific and technological progress†¦ he wrote that content people enjoy the labor of their hands and don’t waste time inventing labor-saving machines† where we are content and reap the benefits of our work to thrive in unison with the world. In this manner of simplicity life is lived how it was meant to be lived. Tantamount in importance for Taoism is dissent from popularity and splendor in your life. If we are to be simple beings in unity with nature then we should not be crowding our heads with egoistical beliefs that our own supremacy is important. In the grand scheme of this planet we are a miniscule part but a part nonetheless, one who should surrender to the natural course of the world. â€Å"The ten thousand things rise and fall while the Self watches their return. They grow and flourish and then return to source†, as explained by Lao Tzu we go about our business with highs and lows of attitude, status, and life in general but always return to the basis source where we originated from, and so we should avoid trying to raise up and improve because it is unnatural and we will just return to the basis anyway. This life’s peak is unattainable because it is not part of this journey, we shouldn’t even try to achieve the high of our live through improvement of self because we are meant to be simple and just the way we are. To just be as a basic being is to be perfectly purposeful. Our time here on this planet is to accept that the way of the world is the Tao and is the force we adhere, it is the ultimate answer to our world. We live here and now to follow the Tao and be content with our life as it is the most important thing we harbor. It is a basic life but that’s more than okay, we should have a life of no achievements because those could lead ultimately to downfalls and an unnatural course in our life going against the Tao of the world. Always unimportance in ourselves is key if we are to live harmoniously with this planet. Simplicity all around and submitting to the underlying but truly eternal and ultimate flow of the Tao is our purpose here and now, just be, no adjustments, just being. Works Cited Clarke, J. J. The Tao of the West: Western Transformations of Taoist Thought. New York, NewYork: Routledge, 2000. Print Goffman, Ken, Joy, Dan. Counter Culture Through The Ages: From Abraham to Acid House. New York, U. S. A. : Villard Books, 2004. Print Tzu, Lao. Tao Te Ching. China:np,nd. Print Welch, Holmes. Taoism The Parting of the Way. Toronto, Canada: Beacon Paperback, 1966. Print. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Sages, are wise teacher-like people regarded with high level experience and wisdom of the world and its ways. [ 2 ]. The Yin and Yang is a symbol resonating with ancient Chinese philosophy that represent the natural opposites such as dark and light, innovation and conservation, masculine and feminine, as they occur and have to be in balance and coexistence with one another.

Motivational Interviewing as a Treatment for Substance Abuse

Motivational Interviewing as a Treatment for Substance Abuse Introduction Motivational interviewing is an evidenced-based counseling approach that health care providers can use to help patients adhere to treatment recommendations. It emphasizes using a directive, patient-centered style of interaction to promote behavioral change by helping patients explore and resolve ambivalence (Levensky et al., 2007). Motivational interviewing is a highly individualized therapeutic approach that is client centered and encourages clients to explore the reasons for any maladaptive behavior and then make changes. However, it is also a directed form of therapy, so that the counselor takes a more active role than in some forms of client-centered therapy. However, it is not a confrontational form of therapy; rather than engaging in hostile interactions with clients, the counselor takes an empathic approach and helps the client identify areas of ambivalence and make plans to change those areas. In this way, motivational interviewing can be considered a goal-directed therapy b ecause it is not sufficient for the clients to gain understanding; they are also meant to make changes based on what they find. Furthermore, while the counselor may take a passive role in some therapeutic approaches, the counselor is more active in motivational interviewing. The counselors job is to encourage the client to make changes. Motivational interviewing has been used in a variety of different areasShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1668 Words   |  7 Pagesmisuse alcohol, prescription drugs, or other substances (Bartel, Blow, Brockmann, 2005). In turn, substance abuse among the elder is generating major health concerns and a rapid need for prevention methods. Substance abuse among the elderly is a concealed epidemic in the United States. Alcohol and substance abuse often go unnoticed, unreported, and therefore, untreated in the elderly (Wagenaar, Mickus, Wilson, 2001). 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